Modifiable Risk Factors and Risk of Colorectal and Endometrial Cancers in Lynch Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

PURPOSE: Lynch syndrome is the most common hereditary cause of colorectal and endometrial cancers. Modifiable risk factors, including obesity, physical activity, alcohol intake, and smoking, are well-established in sporadic cancers but are less studied in Lynch syndrome. METHODS: Searches were conducted on MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science for cohort studies that investigated the association between modifiable risk factors and the risk of colorectal or endometrial cancer in people with Lynch syndrome. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for colorectal and endometrial cancers were pooled using a random effects model. The protocol was prospectively registered on PROSPERO (CRD 42022378462), and the meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology reporting guidelines. RESULTS: A total of 770 citations were reviewed. Eighteen studies were identified for qualitative synthesis, with seven colorectal cancer (CRC) studies eligible for meta-analysis. Obesity (HR, 2.38 [95% CI, 1.52 to 3.73]) was associated with increased CRC risk. There was no increased CRC risk associated with smoking (HR, 1.04 [95% CI, 0.82 to 1.32]) or alcohol intake (HR, 1.32 [95% CI, 0.97 to 1.81]). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and some dietary factors might increase risk of CRC although more studies are needed. In a qualitative synthesis of three endometrial cancer cohort studies, female hormonal risk factors and T2DM may affect the risk of endometrial cancer, but obesity was not associated with an increased risk. CONCLUSION: Lifestyle recommendations related to weight and physical activity may also be relevant to cancer prevention for individuals with Lynch syndrome. Further high-quality prospective cohort studies, in particular, including endometrial cancer as an end point, are needed to inform evidence-based cancer prevention strategies in this high-risk population.

Pathogenic germline variants in patients with endometrial cancer of diverse ancestry.

BACKGROUND: Racial disparities in outcomes exist in endometrial cancer (EC). The contribution of ancestry-based variations in germline pathogenic variants (gPVs) is unknown. METHODS: Germline assessment of ≥76 cancer predisposition genes was performed in patients with EC undergoing tumor-normal Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets sequencing from January 1, 2015 through June 30, 2021. Self-reported race/ethnicity and Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry data classified patients into groups. Genetic ancestry was inferred from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets. Rates of gPV and genetic counseling were compared by ancestry. RESULTS: Among 1625 patients with EC, 216 (13%) had gPVs; 15 had >1 gPV. Rates of gPV varied by self-reported ancestry (Ashkenazi Jewish, 40/202 [20%]; Asian, 15/124 [12%]; Black/African American (AA), 12/171 [7.0%]; Hispanic, 15/124 [12%]; non-Hispanic (NH) White, 129/927 [14%]; missing, 5/77 [6.5%]; p = .009], with similar findings by genetic ancestry (p < .001). We observed a lower likelihood of gPVs in patients of Black/AA (odds ratio [OR], 0.44; 95% CI, 0.22-0.81) and African (AFR) ancestry (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.18-0.85) and a higher likelihood in patients of Ashkenazi Jewish genetic ancestry (OR, 1.62; 95% CI; 1.11-2.34) compared with patients of non-Hispanic White/European ancestry, even after adjustment for age and molecular subtype. Somatic landscape influenced gPVs with lower rates of microsatellite instability-high tumors in patients of Black/AA and AFR ancestry. Among those with newly identified gPVs (n = 114), 102 (89%) were seen for genetic counseling, with lowest rates among Black/AA (75%) and AFR patients (67%). CONCLUSIONS: In those with EC, gPV and genetic counseling varied by ancestry, with lowest rates among Black/AA and AFR patients, potentially contributing to disparities in outcomes given implications for treatment and cancer prevention. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Black women with endometrial cancer do worse than White women, and there are many reasons for this disparity. Certain genetic changes from birth (mutations) can increase the risk of cancer, and it is unknown if rates of these changes are different between different ancestry groups. Genetic mutations in 1625 diverse women with endometrial cancer were studied and the lowest rates of mutations and genetic counseling were found in Black and African ancestry women. This could affect their treatment options as well as their families and may make disparities worse.

Comprehensive analysis of germline drivers in endometrial cancer.

BACKGROUND: We sought to determine the prevalence of germline pathogenic variants (gPVs) in unselected patients with endometrial cancer (EC), define biallelic gPVs within tumors, and describe their associations with clinicopathologic features. METHODS: Germline assessment of at least 76 cancer predisposition genes was performed in patients with EC undergoing clinical tumor-normal Memorial Sloan Kettering-Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets (MSK-IMPACT) sequencing from January 1, 2015, to June 30, 2021. In patients with gPVs, biallelic alterations in ECs were identified through analysis of loss of heterozygosity and somatic PVs. Clinicopathologic variables were compared using nonparametric tests. RESULTS: Of 1625 patients with EC, 216 (13%) had gPVs, and 15 patients had 2 gPVs. There were 231 gPVs in 35 genes (75 [32%] high penetrance; 39 [17%] moderate penetrance; and 117 [51%] low, recessive, or uncertain penetrance). Compared with those without gPVs, patients with gPVs were younger (P = .002), more often White (P = .009), and less obese (P = .025) and had differences in distribution of tumor histology (P = .017) and molecular subtype (P < .001). Among 231 gPVs, 74 (32%) exhibited biallelic inactivation within tumors. For high-penetrance gPVs, 63% (47 of 75) of ECs had biallelic alterations, primarily affecting mismatch repair (MMR) and homologous recombination related genes, including BRCA1,BRCA2, RAD51D, and PALB2. Biallelic inactivation varied across molecular subtypes with highest rates in microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or copy-number (CN)-high subtypes (3 of 12 [25%] POLE, 30 of 77 [39%] MSI-H, 27 of 60 [45%] CN-high, 9 of 57 [16%] CN-low; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Of unselected patients with EC, 13% had gPVs, with 63% of gPVs in high-penetrance genes (MMR and homologous recombination) exhibiting biallelic inactivation, potentially driving cancer development. This supports germline assessment in EC given implications for treatment and cancer prevention.

Gastric-type adenocarcinoma of the cervix: Clinical outcomes and genomic drivers.

OBJECTIVES: Gastric-type endocervical adenocarcinoma (GEA) is a rare form of cervical cancer not associated with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. We summarize our experience with GEA at a large cancer center. METHODS: Clinical and demographic information on all patients diagnosed with GEA between June 1, 2002 and July 1, 2019 was obtained retrospectively from clinical charts. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to describe progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Tumors from a subset of patients underwent next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis. RESULTS: A total of 70 women with GEA were identified, including 43 who received initial treatment at our institution: of these 4 (9%) underwent surgery alone, 15 (35%) underwent surgery followed by adjuvant therapy, 10 (23%) were treated with definitive concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT), 7 (16%) with chemotherapy alone, and 3 (7%) with neoadjuvant CCRT and hysterectomy with or without chemotherapy. One-third (n = 14) of patients experienced disease progression, of whom 86% (n = 12) had prior CCRT. The median PFS and OS for patients with stage I GEA were 107 months (95% CI 14.8-199.2 months) and 111 months (95% CI 17-205.1 months) respectively, compared to 17 months (95% CI 5.6-28.4 months) and 33 months (95% CI 28.2-37.8 months) for patients with stages II-IV, respectively. On NGS, 4 patients (14%) had ERBB2 alterations, including 2 patients who received trastuzumab. CONCLUSIONS: GEA is an aggressive form of cervical cancer with poor PFS and OS when diagnosed at stage II or later. Further investigation is needed to identify the optimal management approach for this rare subtype.

Inherited Germline Cancer Susceptibility Gene Variants in Individuals with Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.

PURPOSE: Identification of inherited germline variants can guide personalized cancer screening, prevention, and treatment. Pathogenic and likely pathogenic (P/LP) germline variants in cancer predisposition genes are frequent among patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma, but their prevalence and significance in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), the most common form of urothelial carcinoma, is understudied. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Germline analysis was conducted on paired tumor/normal sequencing results from two distinct cohorts of patients initially diagnosed with NMIBC. Associations between clinicopathologic features and clinical outcomes with the presence of P/LP germline variants in ≥76 hereditary cancer predisposition genes were analyzed. RESULTS: A similar frequency of P/LP germline variants were seen in our two NMIBC cohorts [12% (12/99) vs. 8.7% (10/115), P = 0.4]. In the combined analysis, P/LP germline variants were found only in patients with high-grade NMIBC (22/163), but none of the 46 patients with low-grade NMIBC (13.5% vs. 0%, P = 0.005). Fifteen (9.2%) patients with high-grade NMIBC had P/LP variants in DNA damage response genes, most within the nucleotide excision repair (ERCC2/3) and homologous recombination repair (BRCA1, NBN, RAD50) pathways. Contrary to prior reports in patients with NMIBC not receiving Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), P/LP germline variants were not associated with worse recurrence-free or progression-free survival in patients treated with BCG or with risk of developing upper tract urothelial carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support offering germline counseling and testing for all patients with high-grade bladder cancer, regardless of initial tumor stage. Therapeutic strategies that target impaired DNA repair may benefit patients with high-grade NMIBC.

Evaluating the role of aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of low-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas.

Objectives: Endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESS) are rare, accounting for < 1% of all uterine malignancies. Treatment has been guided by small case series and retrospective studies. Endocrine therapy is used in both adjuvant and metastatic settings. Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are widely used in clinical practice. We sought to evaluate clinical outcomes of AI use in the largest cohort of patients with LGESS to date. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of patients with LGESS treated with an AI at our institution from 1/1998-12/2020. Response was evaluated using RECIST 1.1. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate median progression-free (PFS) and overall (OS) survival. Results: Forty patients were identified. Treatment was well tolerated, with 57.5% experiencing adverse effects. The most common were arthralgias (12 patients, 30%) and hot flashes (9, 22.5%). Two of 11 patients with RECIST-evaluable imaging experienced a partial response to treatment. Median PFS for the entire cohort was 79.2 months (95% CI 39.7 months to NE); the 5-year PFS rate was 59.6% (95% CI 41.8% to 73.6, p = 0.065). Median follow-up for the 29 survivors was 97.9 months (range: 12.6-226.7). The 5-year OS rate was 81.5% (95% CI 64.9-90.7%). One patient who discontinued AI after 10 years of treatment recurred 1 year later. Conclusion: AIs were well tolerated and offered periods of prolonged disease stability, even in the metastatic setting. Our study suggests, however, that response rates may be lower than previously reported. Data on optimal duration of treatment is needed, but the rarity of LGESS is an obstacle to conducting large clinical trials.

Germline Pathogenic Variants Impact Clinicopathology of Advanced Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: The genetic factors that modulate risk for developing lung cancer have not been fully defined. Here, we sought to determine the prevalence and clinical significance of germline pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants (PV) in patients with advanced lung cancer. METHODS: We studied clinical and tumor characteristics of germline PV in 5,118 patients who underwent prospective genomic profiling using paired tumor-normal tissue samples in 468 cancer genes. RESULTS: Germline PV in high/moderate-penetrance genes were observed in 222 (4.3%) patients; of these, 193 patients had PV in DNA damage repair (DDR) pathway genes including BRCA2 (n = 54), CHEK2 (n = 30), and ATM (n = 26) that showed high rate of biallelic inactivation in tumors. BRCA2 heterozygotes with lung adenocarcinoma were more likely to be never smokers and had improved survival compared with noncarriers. Fourteen patients with germline PV in lung cancer predisposing genes (TP53, EGFR, BAP1, and MEN1) were diagnosed at younger age compared with noncarriers, and of tumor suppressors, 75% demonstrated biallelic inactivation in tumors. A significantly higher proportion of germline PV in high/moderate-penetrance genes were detected in high-risk patients who had either a family history of any cancer, multiple primary tumors, or early age at diagnosis compared with unselected patients (10.5% vs. 4.1%; P = 1.7e-04). CONCLUSIONS: These data underscore the biological and clinical importance of germline mutations in highly penetrant DDR genes as a risk factor for lung cancer. IMPACT: The family members of lung cancer patients harboring PV in cancer predisposing genes should be referred for genetic counseling and may benefit from proactive surveillance.

Early age of onset and broad cancer spectrum persist in MSH6- and PMS2-associated Lynch syndrome.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to characterize MSH6/PMS2-associated mismatch repair-deficient (MMR-D)/microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) tumors, given revised guidelines suggesting more modest phenotypes. METHODS: Patients who consented to Institutional Review Board-approved protocols of tumor/germline sequencing or Lynch syndrome registry at a single institution from February 2005 to January 2021 with germline, heterozygous MSH6/PMS2 pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants were identified. Clinical data were abstracted and correlated with MMR/microsatellite instability status using nonparametric tests. RESULTS: We identified 243 patients (133 sequencing, 110 registry) with germline MSH6/PMS2 pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants; 186 (77%) had >1 cancer. Of 261 pooled tumors, colorectal cancer (CRC) and endometrial cancer (EC) comprised 55% and 43% of cancers in MSH6 and PMS2, respectively; 192 tumors underwent molecular assessments and 122 (64%) were MMR-D/MSI-H (77 in MSH6, 45 in PMS2). MMR-D/MSI-H cancers included CRC (n = 56), EC (n = 35), small bowel cancer (n = 6), ovarian cancer (n = 6), urothelial cancer (n = 5), pancreas/biliary cancer (n = 4), gastric/esophageal cancer (n = 3), nonmelanoma skin tumors (n = 3), prostate cancer (n = 2), breast cancer (n = 1), and central nervous system/brain cancer (n = 1). Among MMR-D/MSI-H CRC and EC, median age of diagnosis was 51.5 (range = 27-80) and 55 (range = 39-74) years, respectively; 9 of 56 (16%) MMR-D/MSI-H CRCs were diagnosed at age <35 years. CONCLUSION: MSH6/PMS2 heterozygotes remain at risk for a broad spectrum of cancers, with 16% of MMR-D/MSI-H CRCs presenting before upper threshold of initiation of colonoscopy per guidelines.

Multiple Primary Cancers in Patients Undergoing Tumor-Normal Sequencing Define Novel Associations.

BACKGROUND: Cancer survivors are developing more subsequent tumors. We sought to characterize patients with multiple (≥2) primary cancers (MPC) to assess associations and genetic mechanisms. METHODS: Patients were prospectively consented (01/2013-02/2019) to tumor-normal sequencing via a custom targeted panel (MSK-IMPACT). A subset consented to return of results of ≥76 cancer predisposition genes. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 2004 rules for defining MPC were applied. Tumor pairs were created to assess relationships between cancers. Age-adjusted, sex-specific, standardized incidence ratios (SIR) for first to second cancer event combinations were calculated using SEER rates, adjusting for confounders and time of ascertainment. Associations were made with germline and somatic variants. RESULTS: Of 24,241 patients, 4,340 had MPC (18%); 20% were synchronous. Most (80%) had two primaries; however, 4% had ≥4 cancers. SIR analysis found lymphoma-lung, lymphoma-uterine, breast-brain, and melanoma-lung pairs in women and prostate-mesothelioma, prostate-sarcoma, melanoma-stomach, and prostate-brain pairs in men in excess of expected after accounting for synchronous tumors, known inherited cancer syndromes, and environmental exposures. Of 1,580 (36%) patients who received germline results, 324 (21%) had 361 pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants (PV), 159 (44%) in high penetrance genes. Of tumor samples analyzed, 55% exhibited loss of heterozygosity at the germline variant. In those with negative germline findings, melanoma, prostate, and breast cancers were common. CONCLUSIONS: We identified tumor pairs without known predisposing mutations that merit confirmation and will require novel strategies to elucidate genetic mechanisms of shared susceptibilities. IMPACT: If verified, patients with MPC with novel phenotypes may benefit from targeted cancer surveillance.

Adavosertib with Chemotherapy in Patients with Primary Platinum-Resistant Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Peritoneal Cancer: An Open-Label, Four-Arm, Phase II Study.

PURPOSE: This study assessed the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of adavosertib in combination with four chemotherapy agents commonly used in patients with primary platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Women with histologically or cytologically confirmed epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or peritoneal cancer with measurable disease were enrolled between January 2015 and January 2018 in this open-label, four-arm, multicenter, phase II study. Patients received adavosertib (oral capsules, 2 days on/5 days off or 3 days on/4 days off) in six cohorts from 175 mg once daily to 225 mg twice daily combined with gemcitabine, paclitaxel, carboplatin, or pegylated liposomal doxorubicin. The primary outcome measurement was overall response rate. RESULTS: Three percent of patients (3/94) had confirmed complete response and 29% (27/94) had confirmed partial response. The response rate was highest with carboplatin plus weekly adavosertib, at 66.7%, with 100% disease control rate, and median progression-free survival of 12.0 months. The longest median duration of response was in the paclitaxel cohort (12.0 months). The most common grade ≥3 adverse events across all cohorts were neutropenia [45/94 (47.9%) patients], anemia [31/94 (33.0%)], thrombocytopenia [30/94 (31.9%)], and diarrhea and vomiting [10/94 (10.6%) each]. CONCLUSIONS: Adavosertib showed preliminary efficacy when combined with chemotherapy. The most promising treatment combination was adavosertib 225 mg twice daily on days 1-3, 8-10, and 15-17 plus carboplatin every 21 days. However, hematologic toxicity was more frequent than would be expected for carboplatin monotherapy, and the combination requires further study to optimize the dose, schedule, and supportive medications.

The context-specific role of germline pathogenicity in tumorigenesis.

Human cancers arise from environmental, heritable and somatic factors, but how these mechanisms interact in tumorigenesis is poorly understood. Studying 17,152 prospectively sequenced patients with cancer, we identified pathogenic germline variants in cancer predisposition genes, and assessed their zygosity and co-occurring somatic alterations in the concomitant tumors. Two major routes to tumorigenesis were apparent. In carriers of pathogenic germline variants in high-penetrance genes (5.1% overall), lineage-dependent patterns of biallelic inactivation led to tumors exhibiting mechanism-specific somatic phenotypes and fewer additional somatic oncogenic drivers. Nevertheless, 27% of cancers in these patients, and most tumors in patients with pathogenic germline variants in lower-penetrance genes, lacked particular hallmarks of tumorigenesis associated with the germline allele. The dependence of tumors on pathogenic germline variants is variable and often dictated by both penetrance and lineage, a finding with implications for clinical management.

The effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and interval debulking surgery on body composition in patients with ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to quantify changes in body composition during ovarian cancer treatment and relate these changes to rates of complete gross resection (CGR). METHODS: One hundred two patients with stage III or IV ovarian cancer who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by interval debulking surgery were a part of a prospectively collected database that included computed tomography scans at three time points-diagnosis, following NACT, and following debulking surgery. Skeletal muscle, visceral adipose, and subcutaneous adipose tissue volumes were obtained from a 30-mm volumetric slab beginning at the third lumbar vertebrae. RESULTS: Following NACT, skeletal muscle volume was significantly reduced (352.5 to 335.0 cm3, P < 0.001), whereas adiposity was unchanged. Body mass index (BMI) and skeletal muscle volume were significantly lower in patients who achieved CGR (P < 0.05). When these patients were stratified by BMI, the significant association of skeletal muscle to CGR was limited to patients with a BMI < 25 kg/m2 (P = 0.007). CONCLUSION: Skeletal muscle volume was significantly reduced in patients undergoing NACT for ovarian cancer. Non-overweight patients were more likely to achieve CGR if they had lower skeletal muscle volume. Use of volumetric-based measurement for ascertaining body composition should be explored further.

Prevalence and Characterization of Biallelic and Monoallelic NTHL1 and MSH3 Variant Carriers From a Pan-Cancer Patient Population.

NTHL1 and MSH3 have been implicated as autosomal recessive cancer predisposition genes. Although individuals with biallelic NTHL1 and MSH3 pathogenic variants (PVs) have increased cancer and polyposis risk, risks for monoallelic carriers are uncertain. We sought to assess the prevalence and characterize NTHL1 and MSH3 from a large pan-cancer patient population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with pan-cancer (n = 11,081) underwent matched tumor-normal sequencing with consent for germline analysis. Medical records and tumors were reviewed and analyzed. Prevalence of PVs was compared with reference controls (Genome Aggregation Database). RESULTS: NTHL1-PVs were identified in 40 patients including 39 monoallelic carriers (39/11,081 = 0.35%) and one with biallelic variants (1/11,081 = 0.009%) and a diagnosis of isolated early-onset breast cancer. NTHL1-associated mutational signature 30 was identified in the tumors of the biallelic patient and two carriers. Colonic polyposis was not identified in any NTHL1 patient. MSH3-PVs were identified in 13 patients, including 12 monoallelic carriers (12/11,081 = 0.11%) and one with biallelic MSH3 variants (1/11,081 = 0.009%) and diagnoses of later-onset cancers, attenuated polyposis, and abnormal MSH3-protein expression. Of the 12 MSH3 carriers, two had early-onset cancer diagnoses with tumor loss of heterozygosity of the wild-type MSH3 allele. Ancestry-specific burden tests demonstrated that NTHL1 and MSH3 prevalence was not significantly different in this pan-cancer population versus controls. CONCLUSION: NTHL1 and MSH3 germline alterations were not enriched in this pan-cancer patient population. However, tumor-specific findings, such as mutational signature 30 and loss of heterozygosity of the wild-type allele, suggest the potential contribution of monoallelic variants to tumorigenesis in a subset of patients.

Prevalence of pancreaticobiliary cancers in Irish families with pathogenic BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants.

Pathogenic variants (PVs) in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are associated with an increased lifetime risk of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and more recently have been associated with increased risk of biliary tract cancers (BTC). This study assessed the prevalence, age and gender distribution of PDAC/BTC cases in families known to carry a BRCA1/2 PV compared to those of the Irish population. A review of all families referred to a national genetics clinic from 09/11/1997 to 01/06/2018 was performed. The BOADICEA algorithm was used to estimate the probability that an untested relative of a known BRCA1/2 PV carrier with PDAC was a carrier. We reviewed 3252 family pedigrees, 1193 contained a proband who underwent testing for BRCA1/2 based on Manchester score ≥ 15. Among 128 BRCA2 PV-positive families, 27 (21%) contained a 1st/2nd/3rd-degree relative with PDAC, while of 116 BRCA1 PV-positive families, 11 (9%) contained a 1st/2nd/3rd-degree relative with PDAC. Within these 38 families, 25 patients with PDAC had ≥ 50% likelihood of being a BRCA1/2 PV carrier. This cohort had a median age at diagnosis of 55 years (range 33-75), with a mean (55 years) lower than 8364 patients with PDAC identified through the National Cancer Registry of Ireland (71 years, p < 0.0001). Six BRCA2 positive (5%) and 2 BRCA1 positive pedigrees (2%) included an individual with BTC; median age at diagnosis was 65 years (range 33-99). PDAC and BTC are prevalent in Irish families harbouring a BRCA2 PV and are associated with early-onset malignancy. This supports current guidelines recommending universal germline testing for PDAC patients.

Machine learning-based prediction of microsatellite instability and high tumor mutation burden from contrast-enhanced computed tomography in endometrial cancers.

To evaluate whether radiomic features from contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CE-CT) can identify DNA mismatch repair deficient (MMR-D) and/or tumor mutational burden-high (TMB-H) endometrial cancers (ECs). Patients who underwent targeted massively parallel sequencing of primary ECs between 2014 and 2018 and preoperative CE-CT were included (n = 150). Molecular subtypes of EC were assigned using DNA polymerase epsilon (POLE) hotspot mutations and immunohistochemistry-based p53 and MMR protein expression. TMB was derived from sequencing, with > 15.5 mutations-per-megabase as a cut-point to define TMB-H tumors. After radiomic feature extraction and selection, radiomic features and clinical variables were processed with the recursive feature elimination random forest classifier. Classification models constructed using the training dataset (n = 105) were then validated on the holdout test dataset (n = 45). Integrated radiomic-clinical classification distinguished MMR-D from copy number (CN)-low-like and CN-high-like ECs with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.78 (95% CI 0.58-0.91). The model further differentiated TMB-H from TMB-low (TMB-L) tumors with an AUROC of 0.87 (95% CI 0.73-0.95). Peritumoral-rim radiomic features were most relevant to both classifications (p ≤ 0.044). Radiomic analysis achieved moderate accuracy in identifying MMR-D and TMB-H ECs directly from CE-CT. Radiomics may provide an adjunct tool to molecular profiling, especially given its potential advantage in the setting of intratumor heterogeneity.

Utility of serum CA-125 monitoring in patients with ovarian cancer undergoing immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the utility of serum cancer antigen-125 (CA-125) levels to monitor patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) undergoing immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. METHOD: This was a single-center retrospective review of all patients with EOC who were treated with ICI therapy from January 2013 to May 2017. This study compared the percentage change in baseline CA-125 in patients who had clinical benefit, defined as complete response, partial response, or stable disease by RECIST 1.1, with duration ≥24 weeks, versus those who did not. The groups were compared by Wilcoxon rank-sum test. RESULTS: Fifty-nine (66%) of 89 patients who underwent ICI therapy had CA-125 data at baseline and during treatment. Of those who derived clinical benefit, 11/15 (73%) experienced an increase in CA-125 from baseline to end of treatment. Of those who did not derive clinical benefit, 36/44 (82%) experienced a CA-125 increase (p = 0.48). The average % increase from baseline to within 12 weeks of treatment initiation for patients with and without clinical benefit was 34% and 195%, respectively (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Our analysis demonstrates a statistically significant difference in the magnitude of increase in CA-125 levels within the first 12 weeks of treatment between patients who achieved clinical benefit and those who did not. However, both groups of patients were equally likely to experience an increase in CA-125 within 12 weeks. These findings suggest that physicians should apply caution when using early CA-125 data to guide treatment decisions for patients with EOC undergoing ICI therapy.

Clinical patterns and genomic profiling of recurrent 'ultra-low risk' endometrial cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Despite good prognosis for patients with low-risk endometrial cancer, a small subset of women with low-grade/low-stage endometrial cancer experience disease recurrence and death. The aim of this study was to characterize clinical features and mutational profiles of recurrent, low-grade, non-myoinvasive, 'ultra-low risk' endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinomas. METHODS: We retrospectively identified patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IA endometrioid endometrial cancers who underwent primary surgery at our institution, between January 2009 and February 2017, with follow-up of ≥12 months. 'Ultra-low risk' was defined as FIGO tumor grade 1, non-myoinvasive, and lacking lymphovascular space invasion. Tumor-normal profiling using massively parallel sequencing targeting 468 genes was performed. Microsatellite instability was assessed using MSIsensor. DNA mismatch repair (MMR) protein proficiency was determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: A total of 486 patients with ultra-low risk endometrioid endometrial cancers were identified: 14 (2.9%) of 486 patients developed a recurrence. Median follow-up for non-recurrent endometrioid endometrial cancers: 34 (range 12-116) months; for recurrent endometrioid endometrial cancers: 50.5 (range 20-116) months. Patients with recurrent disease were older, had lower body mass index, and were most commonly non-White (p=0.025, p<0.001, and p<0.001, respectively). Other clinical characteristics did not differ. MMR immunohistochemistry was obtained for 211 (43%) tumors: 158 (75%) MMR-proficient and 53 (25%) MMR-deficient. Primary tumors of 9 recurrent and 27 non-recurrent endometrioid endometrial cancers underwent mutational profiling. Most were microsatellite stable (6/9, 67% recurrent; 25/27, 93% non-recurrent). Recurrent PTEN and PIK3CA mutations were present in both groups. Exon 3 CTNNB1 hotspot mutations were found in 4/9 (44%) recurrent and 8/27 (30%) non-recurrent (p=0.44). CONCLUSIONS: Patients diagnosed with ultra-low risk endometrioid endometrial cancers have an overall excellent prognosis. However, in our study, 2.9% of patients with no identifiable clinical or pathologic risk factors developed recurrence. Further work is warranted to elucidate the mechanism for recurrence in this population.

A phase 1 dose-escalation study of intraperitoneal cisplatin, intravenous/intraperitoneal paclitaxel, bevacizumab, and olaparib for newly diagnosed ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the safety and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor olaparib with intravenous (IV)/intraperitoneal (IP) cisplatin/paclitaxel and IV bevacizumab, followed by olaparib and bevacizumab maintenance, in patients with newly diagnosed ovarian cancer who had undergone primary debulking surgery. METHODS: Treatment included: (Cycles 1-6) Day 1, IV paclitaxel 135 mg/m2/3 h + (from Cycle 2 onward) bevacizumab 15 mg/kg; Day 2, IP cisplatin 75 mg/m2; Days 2-8, olaparib (50/100/200 mg BID); Day 8, IP paclitaxel 60 mg/m2 of a 21-day cycle. Maintenance (Cycles 7-22) included: olaparib 300 mg BID and bevacizumab 15 mg/kg Day 1. The primary endpoint was MTD of olaparib, chemotherapy, and bevacizumab. RESULTS: Seventeen women were treated (Cohort 1 [50 mg olaparib], 8 patients; Cohort 2 [100 mg], 3 patients; and Cohort 3 [200 mg], 6 patients). Median age was 57 years (47-73); 94% had stage III disease; 29% had a germline BRCA mutation. Two of 6 patients in Cohort 3 experienced a dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). Grade 3/4 toxicities included: neutropenia (56%), lymphopenia (31%), anemia (25%), and fatigue (19%). Most patients started (88%, 81%) and completed (75%, 50%) maintenance olaparib and bevacizumab, respectively; 36% of patients on olaparib maintenance required a dose reduction. Median PFS was 33 months (26.2-NA). CONCLUSIONS: The MTD of intermittently dosed olaparib with concurrent IV/IP cisplatin/paclitaxel and bevacizumab is 100 mg BID. Non-hematologic toxicities were predominantly low grade. One-third of patients on olaparib maintenance required dose reduction.

Cancer Susceptibility Mutations in Patients With Urothelial Malignancies.

PURPOSE: Urothelial cancers (UCs) have a substantial hereditary component, but, other than their association with Lynch syndrome, the contribution of genetic risk factors to UC pathogenesis has not been systematically defined. We sought to determine the prevalence of pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) germline variants in patients with UC and identify associated clinical factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Overall, 586 patients with UC underwent prospective, matched tumor-normal DNA sequencing. Seventy-seven genes associated with cancer predisposition were analyzed; allele frequencies were compared with publicly available database. RESULTS: P/LP germline variants were identified in 80 (14%) of 586 individuals with UC. The most common P/LP variants in high- or moderate-penetrance genes were BRCA2 (n = 9; 1.5%), MSH2 (n = 8; 1.4%), BRCA1 (n = 8; 1.4%), CHEK2 (n = 6; 1.0%), ERCC3 (n = 4; 0.7%), and NBN and RAD50 (n = 3; 0.5% each). Sixty-six patients (83%) had germline P/LP variants in DNA-damage repair (DDR) genes, of which 28 (42%) had biallelic inactivation. Patients with P/LP variants were more commonly diagnosed at an early age (22% v 6% in those without variants; P = .01). BRCA2 and MSH2 were significantly associated with an increased risk for UC (odds ratio, 3.7 [P = .004] and 4.6 [P = .001], respectively). Current clinical guidelines for referral for genetic testing failed to identify 6 (26%) patients with high-penetrance variants. CONCLUSION: Clinically significant P/LP germline variants in DDR genes frequently are present in patients with advanced UC. The presence of DDR germline variants could guide cancer screening for patients and their families and serve as predictive biomarkers of response to targeted or immunotherapies. Family history-based criteria to identify patients with hereditary UC susceptibility are insensitive. Broader germline testing in UC, particularly in those of young ages, should be considered.